Cell Culture Media

RPMI 1640, also known as RPMI-1640 or RPMI medium, is a culture medium widely used in cell biology research. It was originally developed by Roy Merskey and Arthur Pappenheimer at Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) in the early 1960s. RPMI 1640 contains an optimal balance of essential minerals, amino acids, vitamins, and glucose for mammalian cells to thrive. It is a salt solution with a buffer made mostly of sodium chloride and dipotassium phosphate. To keep it stable, magnesium sulfate and calcium chloride were added. Additionally, it includes L-glutamine and 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS). RPMI 1640 has been widely adopted as a versatile standard medium for cell culture.
It is suitable for a range of applications, such as culturing primary cells, stem cells, and immortalized cell lines. RPMI 1640 is also used in various immunological assays, such as ELISAs and co-cultures. The RPMI-1640 medium has been validated extensively over the years to ensure its reliability and consistency. It is recommended by experts in the field of cell biology for use in experiments requiring robust growth and proliferation of mammalian cell types. Its composition makes RPMI 1640 an ideal choice for many complex research applications.
References
1) Merskey, R., & Pappenheimer, A. M. (1963). A New Medium For The Cultivation Of Leukemia Cells And Other Tissue-Culture Cells. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 112(2), 845–849.
2) RPMI-1640: a protein-free medium optimized for growth characteristics of human hematopoietic cells. (1984). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology, 20(4), 467–475.

Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (EMEM): A Widely Used Synthetic Cell Culture Medium
When it comes to cell culture, finding a suitable medium is crucial to ensure optimal growth and health of cells. One of the most widely used synthetic cell culture media is Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM). Developed by Harry Eagle, this medium was first introduced in 1959 and has since become a popular choice for a variety of cell types grown in monolayers and attached cell lines.
What's in EMEM?
EMEM is a modified version of Eagle's minimum essential medium, containing Earle's Balanced Salt Solution, non-essential amino acids, two mM L-glutamine, one mM sodium pyruvate, and 1500 mg/L sodium bicarbonate. It's important to note that this reduced level of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, 1.5 g/L) is intended for use in 5% CO2 in the air. To maintain its effectiveness, it's recommended to store the medium at two °C to 8°C in the dark when not in use.
What is EMEM used for?
Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) is a cell culture medium that can maintain cells in tissue culture. The medium contains higher concentrations of amino acids, allowing for a more accurate approximation of the protein composition of cultured mammalian cells. EMEM may be used to cultivate various cells, including fibroblasts, human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) cells, and human fetal brain progenitor-derived astrocyte cells (PDA). It is typically used in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), calf, or horse sera.
How is EMEM different from other cell culture media?
While EMEM and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) share some similarities, they also differ. Both media lack protein and contain the amino acids, salts, glucose, and vitamins required to provide a cell with energy and maintain it in tissue culture. However, the DMEM formulation is modified to contain up to four times more vitamins and amino acids and two to four times more glucose than EMEM. It's worth noting that EMEM is also different from the original MEM formulation. 
EMEM 2X contains:

Twice the amount of MEM.
Four times the vitamins and amino acids of the original MEM.
Earle's salts which allows for the culturing of an even wider variety of more nutritionally fastidious cells.

In conclusion, Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (EMEM) is a widely used synthetic cell culture medium that has been instrumental in the cultivation of various cell types. With its higher concentration of amino acids and accurate approximation of the protein composition of cultured mammalian cells, EMEM is a popular choice for maintaining cells in tissue culture. While it shares some similarities with other cell culture media, EMEM's unique formulation and properties make it a valuable addition to any cell culture laboratory.

This special RPMI-based medium is adapted for NFS-60 and TF-1 cells as it is supplemented with L-glutamine, 10% KMG-2, 10% FBS and GM-CSF.

Long-term storage
In biological research, the cryopreservation of mammalian cells is an invaluable tool. Successful preservation of cells is a top priority given that losing a cell line to contamination or improper storage conditions leads to lost time and money, ultimately delaying research results. Once the cells have been transferred from a cell growth medium to a freezing medium, the cells are typically frozen at a regulated rate and stored in liquid nitrogen vapor or at below -130°C in a mechanical deep freezer. The freeze medium CM-1 enables cryopreservation of cells at below -130°C (or in liquid nitrogen), essentially eliminating the need for an additional, costly ultralow freezer and eliminating time-consuming and demanding controlled rate freezing processes. Simply collect the cells, aspirate the growth medium, resuspend in CM-1, transfer to a cryovial, and store the vial at below -130 °C.
Long shelf-life
CM-1 is a serum-containing, ready-to-use cryopreservation medium that can be stored in the refrigerator for up to one year.
Trusted by hundreds of researchers
Our advanced cell freezing medium CM-1 is a market-leading product in Germany and Europe and is distinguished by numerous publications involving hundreds of different cell lines worldwide. We tested it with more than 1000 cell lines from our proprietary cell bank.
Optimized ingredients
CM-1 does contain serum products. Serum-containing cryopreservation mediums optimally protect the cells whilst being frozen and have the advantage of high recovery rates. As CM-1 has been tested with a multitude of cell lines, you can rest assured that your cells always recover well.

Contains FBS, DMSO, glucose, salts
Buffering capacity pH = 7.2 to 7.6

Applications & Validation
The cells preserved in our CM-1 freeze medium can be used for cell counting, viability and cryopreservation, cell culture, mammalian cell culture, gene expression analysis and genotyping, in vitro transcription, and polymerase chain reactions. Each batch's efficacy is evaluated using CHO-K1 cells. Each batch is tested for pH, osmolality, sterility, and endotoxins to ensure high quality.

Long-term storage
In biological research, the cryopreservation of mammalian cells is an invaluable tool. Successful preservation of cells is a top priority given that losing a cell line to contamination or improper storage conditions leads to lost time and money, ultimately delaying research results. Once the cells have been transferred from a cell growth medium to a freezing medium, the cells are typically frozen at a regulated rate and stored in liquid nitrogen vapor or at below -130°C in a mechanical deep freezer. The freeze medium CM-ACF enables cryopreservation of cells at below -130°C (or in liquid nitrogen), essentially eliminating the need for an additional, costly ultralow freezer and eliminating time-consuming and demanding controlled rate freezing processes. Simply collect the cells, aspirate the growth medium, resuspend in CM-ACF, transfer to a cryovial, and store the vial at below -130 °C.
Long shelf-life
CM-ACF is a serum-free, ready-to-use cryopreservation medium that can be stored in the refrigerator for up to one year.
Trusted by hundreds of researchers
Our advanced, serum-free cell freezing medium CM-ACF is a market-leading product in Germany and Europe and is distinguished by numerous publications involving hundreds of different cell lines worldwide. We tested it with more than 1000 cell lines from our proprietary cell bank.
Optimized serum-free ingredients
CM-ACF does not contain serum products. Serum-containing cryopreservation mediums have the disadvantage of fluctuating recovery rates and unclear composition. Since the composition and concentration of proteins and other biological components vary from batch to batch in serum, the reproducibility of experiments with cells that were frozen in a serum-containing medium may be compromised. As each component of CM-ACF is carefully defined, you can rest assured that cells always recover identically.

Contains DMSO, glucose, salts
Buffering capacity pH = 7.2 to 7.6

Universal
- even for stem cell preservation
All common cell lines can be frozen and thawed to yield many viable cells. Compared to standard media, the rate of recovery of even the most delicate cells is significantly higher. Using CM-ACF, we store over 1000 different cell lines with outstanding success.
Applications & Validation
The cells preserved in our CM-ACF freeze medium can be used for cell counting, viability and cryopreservation, cell culture, mammalian cell culture, gene expression analysis and genotyping, in vitro transcription, and polymerase chain reactions. Each batch's efficacy is evaluated using CHO-K1 cells. Each batch is tested for pH, osmolality, sterility, and endotoxins to ensure high quality.

Glioblastoma is a highly malignant central nervous system tumor, representing over 60% of all brain tumors in adults. GBM is a severe medical condition that has been associated with poor prognosis. Scientists and researchers continuously study gliomas' biology to find effective treatments for patients. Glioblastoma Cell Growth Medium is a serum-free and xeno-free medium designed to support the growth of glioblastoma cell lines, including fibroblast cells.
Discover our Glioblastoma Cell Growth Medium
Glioblastoma Cell Growth Medium is a high-quality and ready-to-use medium that is specially formulated to support the growth and maintenance of glioblastoma cell lines. The medium is serum-free and xeno-free, which ensures the absence of animal-derived components. This medium is the successor to GBM-MG and has been adapted to support the growth of fibroblast cells, particularly human Gingival Fibroblasts.
Cells tested with our Glioblastoma Cell Growth Medium

NCH612
NCH421K
NCH690

Composition of the medium
Glioblastoma Cell Growth Medium contains essential and non-essential amino acids, vitamins, organic and inorganic compounds, hormones, growth factors, and trace minerals that support the proliferation of fibroblast cells. To promote adherence to the cell culture bottom, the supplement contains 2% FBS.
Quality Control
Each lot of Glioblastoma Cell Growth Medium undergoes a rigorous quality control process to ensure it meets the highest standards. The pH of the medium is maintained at 7.2 +/
- 0.02 at 20-25°C. Each lot is tested for sterility and the absence of mycoplasma and bacteria. This ensures that the medium is free from contamination and will provide consistent results.
Storage and Maintenance

Glioblastoma Cell Growth Medium should be stored refrigerated at +2°C to +8°C in the dark.
Freezing or warming up to +37°C can compromise the quality of the product.
To use the medium, remove the required amount from the bottle and warm it to room temperature. The shelf life of the product is eight weeks from the date of manufacture.

Disclaimer
Glioblastoma Cell Growth Medium is for in-vitro use only and is not intended for clinical or diagnostic applications. It is designed to be used by trained professionals and researchers in a laboratory setting.

This medium is defined, free of serum or Xeno additives and based on the formulation of the E6 medium but modified for increased performance of iPSCs. iPSC growth medium represents a cell culture medium that is suited for the propagation of human induced pluripotent stem cells of various origins. Upon supplementation, it should be used up within 2 weeks due to limited shelf life. It is recommended to prepare the medium for cell culture in aliquots unless the volume of 500 ml will be used within this time range. This medium is tested with iPS cells cultured on Vitronectin and iMatrix-coated 6-well-plates.

iPSC colonies

Figure 1: Examples of induced-pluripotent cells, iPSC-ASC (left) and iPSC-hDPSC (right), the latter derived by reprogramming Mesenchymal Stromal cells isolated from human Dental Pulp cells, cultivated in the CLS iPSC growth medium.

Pluripotency of cells cultured in iPSC growth medium
1. Flow cytometry data

Figure 2: Pluripotency of iPSC-hDPSC (clone 2) by flow cytometry: the cells were propagated in iPSC growth medium in 6-well-plates, detached using Accutase and stained. A) SOX-2, B) Oct3-4, C) Nanog.

2. Immunocytochemistry

Figure 3: Pluripotency of iPSC-hDPSC (clone 1) by immunocytochemical staining: iPSC-hDPSC derived by reprogramming Mesenchymal Stromal cells isolated from human Dental Pulp cells, cultivated in the iPSC growth medium in glass bottom dishes (ibidi). iPSCs expressed the pluripotency markers Oct3/4, SSEA4, TRA-60-1 and SOX2, staining was conducted using the PSC Immunocytochem Kit 4-Marker (Thermofisher).
Media preparation

The supplement comes in two parts, the basic medium and the supplement comprising very sensitive ingredients.
Due to the reduced shelf life of the media once supplemented, it is recommended to prepare smaller quantities such as 100 mL.
To prepare 100 mL of the iPSC growth medium, thaw the supplement at room temperature (18-25°C) or overnight at 4-8°C. Do not thaw at 37°C in a water bath, as this may be harmful to the ingredients. Aliquot the remaining 40 mL adequately and freeze down immediately.
Aseptically transfer 90 mL of the iPSC-MG basic medium into a sterile 100 mL bottle and add 10 mL of the supplement. Mix thoroughly. This volume should be used up within 1-2 weeks.
If other volumes of media are required, prepare accordingly.
For sterile filtration purposes, use 0.2 µm low protein binding polyethersulfone (PES) filter units (e.g. Corning Cat # 431229).

Maintenance

Keep the basic medium and the supplemented medium refrigerated at +2°C to +8°C in the dark. Freezing as well as warming up to +37°C minimizes the quality of the product.
Do not heat the medium to more than 37°C or use uncontrollable sources of heat (e.g., microwave appliances).
If only a part of the medium is to be used, remove this amount from the bottle and warm it up at room temperature.
Store the supplement at -20°C. Do not leave it for a prolonged time at ambient temperature.
After supplementation, this medium has a shelf life of about two weeks.

This modification of Hams F12 cell culture medium was formulated to support the growth of cells such as differentiated rat and chicken cell types and primary human hepatocytes. It contains higher concentrations of amino acids, sodium pyruvate and other components than the original Ham's F12 medium.

The BT-474 Cell Line Medium is a 1:1 mixture of DMEM containing 4.5 g/L glucose and Ham's F12. As this medium is rich in amino acids, hormones and minerals, it supports the growth of many cells and cell lines even under low serum conditions. Thus, it is possible to work with serum concentrations of 5% or less. Furthermore, it is an excellent basic medium for the serum free cell culture. It was supplemented with insulin to support the proliferation of BT-474 cells.

SF-9 Cell Growth Medium is a serum
- and protein-free medium optimized for the growth of insect cells like Sf9 and Sf21 (Spodoptera frugiperda). SF-9 Cell
Growth

Medium has been developed for the cultivation of insect cells and is suitable for the production of recombinant proteins (Baculovirus expression vector system).
Usage instructions
You can follow this protocol to adapt your insect cell line to protein-free culture in a serum-free medium, for SF-9 cells. The optimal temperature range for most insect cells is 25°C to 30°C (27°C incubation +/
- 0.5°C). The pH for cell culture with Sf9, and Sf21 should be between pH 6.0 and pH 6.4, and the osmolality should be 345-380 mOsm/kg. For oxygen supply, use vessels with filter lids or slightly unscrew the lids. For adaption from serum-containing to protein-free culture, direct or sequential adaption can be done. Cells should be taken from the middle exponential growth phase with >90% viability.
Direct adaptation

Transfer cells from serum-containing culture directly into SF-9 Cell
Growth

Medium (prewarmed to ambient temperature) with a density of 0.5 million cells/ml.
Subculture cells at > 2 million cells/ml, seed into fresh SF-9 Cell
Growth

Medium with a density of 0.5 million cells/ml.
Repeat the subculture routine till the cells reach > 80% viability.

Indirect adaptation

Start with subculturing the cells into a 1+1 mixture of the serum-containing medium and serum-free medium, for SF-9 cells, with a density of 0.5 million cells/ml.
At > 1 million cells/ml, dilute to 0.5 million cells/ml by adding the respective volume of serum-free medium, for SF-9 cells.
Repeat this process till serum levels below 0.1% is reached; the viability should be above 80%. Cell density should exceed 1 million cells/ml.

Quality control

pH = 7.2 +/
- 0.02 at 20-25°C
Each lot has been tested for sterility and absence of mycoplasma and bacteria

Maintenance

Keep refrigerated at +2°C to +8°C in the dark. Freezing as well as warming up to +37°C minimizes the quality of the product.
Do not heat the medium to more than 37°C or use uncontrollable sources of heat (e.g., microwave appliances).
If only a part of the medium is to be used, remove this amount from the bottle and warm it up at room temperature.
Shelf life for any medium except for the basic medium is 8 weeks from the date of manufacture.

Ingredients
SF-9 Cell
Growth

Medium contains amino acids, vitamins, salts, trace elements, lipids, and growth-promoting factors in a formulation optimized for insect cells. It is free of proteins and any components of human origin.
Disclaimer
This product is for in-vitro use only. Not intended for clinical or diagnostic applications.

RPMI 1640, also known as RPMI-1640 or RPMI medium, is a culture medium widely used in cell biology research. It was originally developed by Roy Merskey and Arthur Pappenheimer at Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) in the early 1960s. RPMI 1640 contains an optimal balance of essential minerals, amino acids, vitamins, and glucose for mammalian cells to thrive. It is a salt solution with a buffer made mostly of sodium chloride and dipotassium phosphate. To keep it stable, magnesium sulfate and calcium chloride were added. Additionally, it includes L-glutamine and 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS). RPMI 1640 has been widely adopted as a versatile standard medium for cell culture.
It is suitable for a range of applications, such as culturing primary cells, stem cells, and immortalized cell lines. RPMI 1640 is also used in various immunological assays, such as ELISAs and co-cultures. The RPMI-1640 medium has been validated extensively over the years to ensure its reliability and consistency. It is recommended by experts in the field of cell biology for use in experiments requiring robust growth and proliferation of mammalian cell types. Its composition makes RPMI 1640 an ideal choice for many complex research applications.
References
1) Merskey, R., & Pappenheimer, A. M. (1963). A New Medium For The Cultivation Of Leukemia Cells And Other Tissue-Culture Cells. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 112(2), 845–849.
2) RPMI-1640: a protein-free medium optimized for growth characteristics of human hematopoietic cells. (1984). In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology, 20(4), 467–475.

Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (EMEM): A Widely Used Synthetic Cell Culture Medium
When it comes to cell culture, finding a suitable medium is crucial to ensure optimal growth and health of cells. One of the most widely used synthetic cell culture media is Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM). Developed by Harry Eagle, this medium was first introduced in 1959 and has since become a popular choice for a variety of cell types grown in monolayers and attached cell lines.
What's in EMEM?
EMEM is a modified version of Eagle's minimum essential medium, containing Earle's Balanced Salt Solution, non-essential amino acids, two mM L-glutamine, one mM sodium pyruvate, and 1500 mg/L sodium bicarbonate. It's important to note that this reduced level of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, 1.5 g/L) is intended for use in 5% CO2 in the air. To maintain its effectiveness, it's recommended to store the medium at two °C to 8°C in the dark when not in use.
What is EMEM used for?
Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) is a cell culture medium that can maintain cells in tissue culture. The medium contains higher concentrations of amino acids, allowing for a more accurate approximation of the protein composition of cultured mammalian cells. EMEM may be used to cultivate various cells, including fibroblasts, human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) cells, and human fetal brain progenitor-derived astrocyte cells (PDA). It is typically used in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), calf, or horse sera.
How is EMEM different from other cell culture media?
While EMEM and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) share some similarities, they also differ. Both media lack protein and contain the amino acids, salts, glucose, and vitamins required to provide a cell with energy and maintain it in tissue culture. However, the DMEM formulation is modified to contain up to four times more vitamins and amino acids and two to four times more glucose than EMEM. It's worth noting that EMEM is also different from the original MEM formulation. 
EMEM 2X contains:

Twice the amount of MEM.
Four times the vitamins and amino acids of the original MEM.
Earle's salts which allows for the culturing of an even wider variety of more nutritionally fastidious cells.

In conclusion, Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (EMEM) is a widely used synthetic cell culture medium that has been instrumental in the cultivation of various cell types. With its higher concentration of amino acids and accurate approximation of the protein composition of cultured mammalian cells, EMEM is a popular choice for maintaining cells in tissue culture. While it shares some similarities with other cell culture media, EMEM's unique formulation and properties make it a valuable addition to any cell culture laboratory.

The DMEM:Ham’s F12 is a 1:1 mixture of DMEM containing 4.5 g/L glucose and Ham’s F12. The medium is rich in amino acids, hormones and minerals, and supports the growth of many cells and cell lines even under low serum conditions. Thus, it is possible to work with serum concentrations of 5% or less.

In-Vitro Research and Development: The Role of Endothelial Cell Growth Medium
Endothelial cells play a crucial role in the circulatory system by transporting nutrients and waste throughout the body. Researchers and scientists need a medium that can sustain the development and maintenance of endothelial cells in vitro so that they may study their function and malfunction. CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Medium fills this need by creating an environment where endothelial cells may thrive throughout their growth and maintenance phases.
Definition of Endothelial Cell Growth Media
An in-vitro cell culture system requires a particular solution called Endothelial Cell Growth Media to sustain the endothelial cells necessary for the experiment. Endothelial cells in the body are exposed to an environment mimicked by the medium, including necessary and non-essential amino acids, vitamins, hormones, growth factors, and trace minerals. This nutrient-dense fluid is critical for preserving the endothelium phenotype and function because it stimulates cell proliferation. Globally, researchers and scientists rely on the CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Medium because it is both effective and simple.
Importance of Endothelial Cell Research
Blood artery creation, blood pressure control, and wound healing are just a few physiological processes in which endothelial cells play a key part. To keep the blood vessels balanced, these cells may react to chemical and mechanical stimuli. In order to fully comprehend the causes of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis, research into endothelial cells is crucial. Investigating endothelial cells may also provide light on how to treat these diseases medically. Providing a stable and uniform environment for endothelial cell development and proliferation, the CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Medium has shown to be an indispensable tool in this kind of study.
Quality Assurance
High-quality in-vitro cell culture media is essential for obtaining consistent and repeatable outcomes. Quality control testing is performed on every CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Media batch to guarantee its uniformity and effectiveness. The sterility, lack of mycoplasma and bacteria, and pH levels of each batch are examined. To promote healthy cell development and proliferation, the medium's pH is kept at 7.2 +/
- 0.02, and the temperature is maintained between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius. To ensure the culture is clear of any contamination that might impact the accuracy of the findings, the medium is also checked for microbiological pollutants such as fungus, bacteria, and mycoplasma.
Maintenance and Disclaimer
The expiration date of CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Media is six weeks from the production date. The medium should be kept at a temperature of between +2°C and +8°C, away from light, and never frozen or heated over 37°C to preserve its quality. As a corollary, it is crucial to avoid microwaves and other unregulated heat sources that might compromise the product's integrity. A portion of the medium may be taken out of the container and brought up to room temperature if just a little amount will be utilized. CLS's Endothelial Cell Growth Medium is a tried and true method for cultivating endothelial cells because of the stringent quality controls used in its production.
Notably, the CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Medium is not for clinical or diagnostic use; it is designed primarily for in-vitro usage. Obtaining accurate and reliable findings from the medium requires strict adherence to the manufacturer's guidelines and quality control methods.
Applications of the Medium
The CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Medium has proven useful in several biological studies. As this medium may be used to cultivate endothelial cells, it can be used to simulate endothelial function and malfunction in organ systems in vitro. This is especially useful for studying the blood-brain barrier or tissue-engineered blood arteries. This is essential for understanding disease processes and creating effective treatments.
Endothelial cells, especially HUVEC cells, have been extensively employed in angiogenesis research, wound healing research, and cancer research, thus, the medium has also been modified to promote their proliferation. Accurate and repeatable findings depend on the consistency and high quality of the medium used to develop these cells, and the CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Media meets both of these requirements.
Conclusion
Researchers and professionals in the field of biomedical engineering may benefit significantly from using the CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Media. For tissue engineering and drug discovery studies, the medium is highly recommended since it promotes the growth of endothelial cells by simulating the endothelial cell environment seen in the body. The medium is very simple to use, needs no unique care, and is subjected to stringent quality assurance procedures to guarantee its efficacy.
Research and knowledge of endothelial function and malfunction may significantly influence the development of therapeutics for atherosclerosis and associated disorders, and the endothelial cell culture medium is a crucial instrument in this endeavor. This medium has become a vital instrument for accomplishing research aims and advancing scientific progress since it provides excellent cell proliferation and maintenance conditions.
To sum up, the CLS Endothelial Cell Growth Medium is a reliable option for scientists studying endothelial cells for their potential in biomedicine.

This medium was developed originally to culture Novikoff Hepatoma cells and successfully applied in the proliferation of a wide range of human and ral normal and transformed cells. The composition includes increased levels of inositol and glucose and contains glutamine.

Medium 199 described in 1950 for the first time and intended for the culture of chick embryo fibroblasts represents a very complex cell culture medium. It contains unique components such as adenine, adenosine, thymine and hypoxanthine.